Photosynthesis Powerpoint Questions Guide Answers
- Photosynthesis Quiz Answers
- Photosynthesis Notes And Powerpoint
- Photosynthesis Questions For Middle School
. The reactions of photosynthesis can be categorized as light-dependent reactions. Chlorophyll is a key molecule for photosynthesis, though other cartenoid pigments also participate. There are four (4) types of chlorophyll: a, b, c, and d.
Although we normally think of plants as having chlorophyll and performing photosynthesis, many microorganisms use this molecule, including some. In plants, chlorophyll is found in a special structure, which is called a chloroplast. The reactions for photosynthesis take place in different areas of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has three membranes (inner, outer, thylakoid) and is divided into three compartments (stroma, thylakoid space, inter-membrane space). Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Light reactions occur the thylakoid membranes.
There is more than one. In addition, other organisms convert energy into food using non-photosynthetic reactions (e.g.
Lithotroph and methanogen bacteria). The is divided into two main parts: light dependent reactions and light independent or dark reactions. The light dependent reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle). Chlorophyll and other carotenoids form what are called antenna complexes.
Antenna complexes transfer light energy to one of two types of photochemical reaction centers: P700, which is part of Photosystem I, or P680, which is part of Photosystem II. The photochemical reaction centers are located on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors, leaving the reaction center in an oxidized state. The light-independent reactions produce carbohydrates by using ATP and NADPH that was formed from the light-dependent reactions. Photosynthesis Light Reactions Not all wavelengths of light are absorbed during photosynthesis.
Green, the color of most plants, is actually the color that is reflected. The light that is absorbed splits water into hydrogen and oxygen: H2O + light energy → ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2 electrons. Excited electrons from Photosystem I can use an electron transport chain to reduce oxidized P700. This sets up a proton gradient, which can generate ATP. The end result of this looping electron flow, called cyclic phosphorylation, is the generation of ATP and P700.
Excited electrons from Photosystem I could flow down a different electron transport chain to produce NADPH, which is used to synthesize carbohydratyes. This is a noncyclic pathway in which P700 is reduced by an exicted electron from Photosystem II. An excited electron from Photosystem II flows down an electron transport chain from excited P680 to the oxidized form of P700, creating a proton gradient between the stroma and thylakoids that generates ATP. The net result of this reaction is called noncyclic photophosphorylation. Water contributes the electron that is needed to regenerate the reduced P680.
The reduction of each molecule of NADP+ to NADPH uses two and requires four. Two of ATP are formed. Photosynthesis Dark Reactions Dark reactions don't require light, but they aren't inhibited by it, either. For most plants, the dark reactions take place during daytime. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This reaction is called carbon fixation or the.
In this reaction, carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. Carbon dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar to form a 6-carbon sugar. The 6-carbon sugar is broken into two sugar molecules, glucose and fructose, which can be used to make sucrose. The reaction requires 72 photons of light.
The efficiency of photosynthesis is limited by environmental factors, including light, water, and carbon dioxide. In hot or dry weather, plants may close their stomata to conserve water. When the stomata are closed, the plants may start photorespiration. Plants called C4 plants maintain high levels of carbon dioxide inside cells that make glucose, to help avoid photorespiration. C4 plants produce carbohydrates more efficiently than normal C3 plants, provided the carbon dioxide is limiting and sufficient light is available to support the reaction.
In moderate temperatures, too much of an energy burden is placed on the plants to make the C4 strategy worthwhile (named 3 and 4 because of the number of carbons in the intermediate reaction). C4 plants thrive in hot, dry climates.Study Questions Here are some questions you can ask yourself, to help you determine if you really understand the basics of how photosynthesis works. Define photosynthesis. What materials are required for photosynthesis?
What is produced?. Write the for photosynthesis. Describe what happens during the cyclic phosphorylation of photosystem I. How does the transfer of electrons lead to the synthesis of ATP?.
Describe the reactions of carbon fixation or the. What enzyme catalyzes the reaction? What are the products of the reaction? Do you feel ready to test yourself?
What living organisms are responsible for photosynthesis? What cell organelle is responsible for the absorption of light in the photosynthesis process in plants and algae? There are many organisms (including all animals) that do not use photosynthesis. There are also autotrophic organisms that do not perform photosynthesis but which do perform chemosynthesis. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms. In plants and algae, light is absorbed by chlorophyll, a molecule present in cytoplasmic organelles called chloroplasts.
The Process of Photosynthesis - Image Diversity. What evidence is there to support the hypothesis that chloroplasts and mitochondria were primitive prokaryotes that developed a relationship of mutualism with primitive anaerobic eukaryotic cells? This hypothesis is known as the endosymbiotic hypothesis, and discusses the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mutualism is explained as the following in this context: mitochondria and chloroplasts can offer energy and nutrients to the cell in exchange for protection. This hypothesis is based on the fact that those organelles have their own DNA, RNA and protein synthesis machinery and divide themselves through binary division like bacteria. What do ATP and ADP mean?
What are the roles of these molecules in the energy metabolism of a cell? ATP is the abbreviation of adenosine triphosphate, a molecule made of one adenosine molecule bound to three inorganic phosphate ions. ADP is an abbreviation of adenosine diphosphate, which is two molecules of phosphate bound to one molecule of adenosine. ATP stores energy for the cell. When ATP hydrolyzes and becomes ADP, energy is released and then consumed by several metabolic reactions. The Process of Photosynthesis - Image Diversity. What is ADP phosphorylation?
What are photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? ADP phosphorylation is the addition of one inorganic phosphate molecule to the adenosine diphosphate molecule, thus creating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and incorporating energy. The phosphorylation is oxidative when the energy incorporated comes from the breaking down of organic molecules with oxygen as reagent, like in aerobic cellular respiration. The reaction is called photophosphorylation when the energy source is light, like in photosynthesis. The energy incorporated into ATP is disposable (released) to other cellular reactions when ATP hydrolyzes and ADP is formed again.
Photosynthesis Quiz Answers
How is the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll transferred to ATP molecules during photophosphorylation? How is the resulting ATP used? Light excites chlorophyll and energizes electrons that jump off the molecule. The energy released when these electrons escape is used in the phosphorylation of ADP, forming ATP.
The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is ATP synthase. The resulting ATP is then consumed during the next chemical stage of photosynthesis to transfer energy to carbon dioxide for the formation of glucose.
Photosynthesis Notes And Powerpoint
Is it correct to consider the breaking down of water through the action of light the basis of photosynthesis? Besides ADP photophosphorylation, light energy is also responsible for the breaking down of water molecules during photosynthesis through a process known as water photolysis. During this reaction, water molecules are exposed to light energy and release protons (hydrogen ions), highly energetic electrons and molecular oxygen (O₂). Later, the hydrogen atoms bind to carbon dioxide molecules to form glucose. Since water is the hydrogen donor for photosynthesis, it is correct to say that water photolysis is the basis of the process. What is an example of a lab experiment that shows the variation in the efficiency of photosynthesis as a function of the different frequencies of light energy to which the reaction is exposed?
Do you think that the green light frequency will be favorable to the reaction? The experiment: Plants of same species and ages are each placed under (respecting their photoperiods) light sources emitting only one of the colors of the light spectrum (violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow and red). The experiment is carried out with each of the colors and, after days, each plant's development is compared. The plants whose development was normal performed satisfactory photosynthesis while those with abnormal development underused the light.
Chlorophyll is green because it reflects the green light frequency, meaning that it does not “use” the green range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, green light does not favor photosynthesis (strangely, green is the range of the light spectrum that plants “dislike”). Photosynthesis is the most important producer of molecular oxygen (O₂) on our planet. Which molecule do oxygen atoms released by photosynthesis come from?
Which other molecule could you suspect they come from? Where do these oxygen atoms end up?
The oxygen atoms released as molecular oxygen through photosynthesis come from water. It is easy to imagine that those oxygen atoms come from carbon dioxide. However, oxygen atoms from carbon dioxide are incorporated into glucose molecules and the water molecules released in the chemical stage of photosynthesis. The Chemical Stage of Photosynthesis.
What is the general chemical equation for photosynthesis? Why doesn't this equation clearly show the real origin of the molecular oxygen released? The general equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light - C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ Water molecules are also produced during the chemical stage of photosynthesis as the following complete equation reveals: 6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O + light - C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6 O₂ Water molecules are present on the reagent side as well on the product side of the equation. However, the pure mathematical simplification of stoichiometric coefficients leads to elimination of water from the product side, making it appear that 6 molecules of oxygen (O₂), that is, 12 atoms of oxygen, are made from the 6 molecules of water, that is, 6 oxygen atoms, in the reagent side. As a result, the false impression that 6 other oxygens atoms come from the carbon dioxide is created. Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis. The rate at which photosynthesis takes place varies depending on the intensity of light energy.
Does the same occur in aerobic respiration? What is the effect of these variations on glucose balance? In a photosynthetic organism, the rate of aerobic respiration can be superior, inferior or equal to the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of respiration depends on the energy needs of the plant while the rate of photosynthesis varies depending on the availability of light energy, if all other conditions are maintained the same. In a situation in which the respiration rate is greater than the photosynthesis rate, glucose consumption is higher than glucose production. In a situation in which the respiration rate is lower than the photosynthesis rate, glucose is accumulated (positive balance). In a situation in which the rates are equal, all molecular oxygen produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration and all carbon dioxide released through respiration is consumed by photosynthesis.
As a result, there is no positive balance of glucose or depletion of carbohydrate stores. Why is carbon dioxide concentration a limiting factor in photosynthesis? When carbon dioxide concentration is increased indefinitely, is photosynthesis also increased indefinitely? The availability of carbon dioxide is a limiting factor for photosynthesis because this gas is a reagent of the reaction.
Since enzymes catalyze the formation of organic molecules with carbon atoms from carbon dioxide, photosynthesis stops as soon as these enzymes become saturated, that is, when all their activation centers are bound to their substrates. In this situation, an increase in carbon dioxide concentration will not increase the photosynthesis rate. Why do some trees lose their green color in the autumn?
Photosynthesis Questions For Middle School
In autumn, the days become shorter and nights become longer; as a result, there is a reduction in the photosynthesis rate. Because of this, some plants prepare themselves for the winter by making nutrient stores. In this process, nutrients from the leaves travel to storage sites: branches, the trunk and roots. With less chlorophyll produced in leaves, the typical green color of the plant fades. Now that you have finished studying, these are your options:. Review this subject, read all Q&As again.
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